python,python基础,python学习

python基础

发布日期: 2021-04-05

作者: 欧阳思海

文章字数: 1.7k

阅读时长: 8 分

阅读次数:

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技术文章第一时间送达!

getattribute

回顾__getattr__


class Foo:
    def __init__(self,x):
        self.x=x

    def __getattr__(self, item):
        print('执行的是我')
        # return self.__dict__[item]

f1=Foo(10)
print(f1.x)
f1.xxxxxx #不存在的属性访问，触发__getattr__


class Foo:
    def __init__(self,x):
        self.x=x
    def __getattribute__(self, item):
        print('不管是否存在,我都会执行')
f1=Foo(10)
f1.x
f1.xxxxxx

二者同时出现


class Foo:
    def __init__(self,x):
        self.x=x

    def __getattr__(self, item):
        print('执行的是我')
        # return self.__dict__[item]
    def __getattribute__(self, item):
        print('不管是否存在,我都会执行')
        raise AttributeError('哈哈')
f1=Foo(10)
f1.x
f1.xxxxxx
#当__getattribute__与__getattr__同时存在,只会执行__getattrbute__,除非__getattribute__在执行过程中抛出异常AttributeError

描述符(get,set,delete)

1 描述符是什么:描述符本质就是一个新式类,在这个新式类中,至少实现了__get__(),set(),delete()中的一个,这也被称为描述符协议


__get__():调用一个属性时,触发
__set__():为一个属性赋值时,触发
__delete__():采用del删除属性时,触发

定义一个描述符


class Foo: #在python3中Foo是新式类,它实现了三种方法,这个类就被称作一个描述符
    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        pass
    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        pass
    def __delete__(self, instance):
        pass

2 描述符是干什么的:描述符的作用是用来代理另外一个类的属性的(必须把描述符定义成这个类的类属性，不能定义到构造函数中)

引子:描述符类产生的实例进行属性操作并不会触发三个方法的执行


class Foo:
    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        print('触发get')
    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        print('触发set')
    def __delete__(self, instance):
        print('触发delete')

#包含这三个方法的新式类称为描述符,由这个类产生的实例进行属性的调用/赋值/删除,并不会触发这三个方法
f1=Foo()
f1.name='egon'
f1.name
del f1.name
#疑问:何时,何地,会触发这三个方法的执行

描述符应用之何时?何地?


#描述符Str
class Str:
    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        print('Str调用')
    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        print('Str设置...')
    def __delete__(self, instance):
        print('Str删除...')

#描述符Int
class Int:
    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        print('Int调用')
    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        print('Int设置...')
    def __delete__(self, instance):
        print('Int删除...')

class People:
    name=Str()
    age=Int()
    def __init__(self,name,age): #name被Str类代理,age被Int类代理,
        self.name=name
        self.age=age

#何地？：定义成另外一个类的类属性

#何时？：且看下列演示

p1=People('alex',18)

#描述符Str的使用
p1.name
p1.name='egon'
del p1.name

#描述符Int的使用
p1.age
p1.age=18
del p1.age

#我们来瞅瞅到底发生了什么
print(p1.__dict__)
print(People.__dict__)

#补充
print(type(p1) == People) #type(obj)其实是查看obj是由哪个类实例化来的
print(type(p1).__dict__ == People.__dict__)

3 描述符分两种

一数据描述符:至少实现了__get__()和__set__()


class Foo:
    def __set__(self, instance, value):
         print('set')
    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
         print('get')

二非数据描述符:没有实现__set__()


class Foo:
    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        print('get')

4 注意事项:
一描述符本身应该定义成新式类,被代理的类也应该是新式类
二必须把描述符定义成这个类的类属性，不能为定义到构造函数中
三要严格遵循该优先级,优先级由高到底分别是
    1.类属性
    2.数据描述符
    3.实例属性
    4.非数据描述符
    5.找不到的属性触发__getattr__()

5 描述符使用

众所周知，python是弱类型语言，即参数的赋值没有类型限制，下面我们通过描述符机制来实现类型限制功能

牛刀小试


class Str:
    def __init__(self,name):
        self.name=name
    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        print('get---',instance,owner)
        return instance.__dict__[self.name]

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        print('set---',instance,value)
        instance.__dict__[self.name]=value
    def __delete__(self, instance):
        print('delete---',instance)
        instance.__dict__.pop(self.name)

class People:
    name=Str('name')
    def __init__(self,name,age,salary):
        self.name=name
        self.age=age
        self.salary=salary
p1=People('egon',18,3231.3)
#调用
print(p1.__dict__)
p1.name

#赋值
print(p1.__dict__)
p1.name='egonlin'
print(p1.__dict__)

#删除
print(p1.__dict__)
del p1.name
print(p1.__dict__)

拔刀相助


class Str:
    def __init__(self,name):
        self.name=name
    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        print('get---',instance,owner)
        return instance.__dict__[self.name]

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        print('set---',instance,value)
        instance.__dict__[self.name]=value
    def __delete__(self, instance):
        print('delete---',instance)
        instance.__dict__.pop(self.name)


class People:
    name=Str('name')
    def __init__(self,name,age,salary):
        self.name=name
        self.age=age
        self.salary=salary

#疑问:如果我用类名去操作属性呢
People.name #报错,错误的根源在于类去操作属性时,会把None传给instance

#修订__get__方法
class Str:
    def __init__(self,name):
        self.name=name
    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        print('get---',instance,owner)
        if instance is None:
            return self
        return instance.__dict__[self.name]

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        print('set---',instance,value)
        instance.__dict__[self.name]=value
    def __delete__(self, instance):
        print('delete---',instance)
        instance.__dict__.pop(self.name)


class People:
    name=Str('name')
    def __init__(self,name,age,salary):
        self.name=name
        self.age=age
        self.salary=salary
print(People.name) #完美,解决

磨刀霍霍


class Str:
    def __init__(self,name,expected_type):
        self.name=name
        self.expected_type=expected_type
    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        print('get---',instance,owner)
        if instance is None:
            return self
        return instance.__dict__[self.name]

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        print('set---',instance,value)
        if not isinstance(value,self.expected_type): #如果不是期望的类型，则抛出异常
            raise TypeError('Expected %s' %str(self.expected_type))
        instance.__dict__[self.name]=value
    def __delete__(self, instance):
        print('delete---',instance)
        instance.__dict__.pop(self.name)


class People:
    name=Str('name',str) #新增类型限制str
    def __init__(self,name,age,salary):
        self.name=name
        self.age=age
        self.salary=salary

p1=People(123,18,3333.3)#传入的name因不是字符串类型而抛出异常

大刀阔斧


class Typed:
    def __init__(self,name,expected_type):
        self.name=name
        self.expected_type=expected_type
    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        print('get---',instance,owner)
        if instance is None:
            return self
        return instance.__dict__[self.name]

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        print('set---',instance,value)
        if not isinstance(value,self.expected_type):
            raise TypeError('Expected %s' %str(self.expected_type))
        instance.__dict__[self.name]=value
    def __delete__(self, instance):
        print('delete---',instance)
        instance.__dict__.pop(self.name)

class People:
    name=Typed('name',str)
    age=Typed('name',int)
    salary=Typed('name',float)
    def __init__(self,name,age,salary):
        self.name=name
        self.age=age
        self.salary=salary

p1=People(123,18,3333.3)
p1=People('egon','18',3333.3)
p1=People('egon',18,3333)

大刀阔斧之后我们已然能实现功能了，但是问题是，如果我们的类有很多属性，你仍然采用在定义一堆类属性的方式去实现，low，这时候我需要教你一招：独孤九剑


class Typed:
    def __init__(self,name,expected_type):
        self.name=name
        self.expected_type=expected_type
    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        print('get---',instance,owner)
        if instance is None:
            return self
        return instance.__dict__[self.name]

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        print('set---',instance,value)
        if not isinstance(value,self.expected_type):
            raise TypeError('Expected %s' %str(self.expected_type))
        instance.__dict__[self.name]=value
    def __delete__(self, instance):
        print('delete---',instance)
        instance.__dict__.pop(self.name)

def typeassert(**kwargs):
    def decorate(cls):
        print('类的装饰器开始运行啦------',kwargs)
        for name,expected_type in kwargs.items():
            setattr(cls,name,Typed(name,expected_type))
        return cls
    return decorate
@typeassert(name=str,age=int,salary=float) #有参:1.运行typeassert(...)返回结果是decorate,此时参数都传给kwargs 2.People=decorate(People)
class People:
    def __init__(self,name,age,salary):
        self.name=name
        self.age=age
        self.salary=salary

print(People.__dict__)
p1=People('egon',18,3333.3)